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The paper analyses from an evolutionary perspective how retailers respond and adapt to business-to-customer e-commerce. As such, the paper explores the ...

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Content: The paper analyses from an evolutionary perspective how retailers respond and adapt to business-to-customer e-commerce. As such, the paper explores the diverse behavior of retailers with respect to the adoption of e-commerce. In particular, it empirically examines the extent to which the adoption of Internet strategies is affected by firm-specific features (eg habit of entrepreneur, routines of firms), network relationships, and geographical proximity. Logistic regression analyses of 643 independent retailers in the Netherlands suggest that geography matters, when other factors are controlled for. That is, the probability of having an Internet strategy increases significantly (a) when more relevant knowledge is locally available; (b) the more demanding local customers are; and (c) the less rivalry is present locally. Why consumers shop via the Internet, is a frequently asked question. As yet, the impact of spatial variables on e-shopping has received little attention. In this paper we report our investigation of the spatial distribution of Internet users and online buyers in the Netherlands for the time period 1996 - 2001 and the impact of spatial variables (residential environment and shop accessibility) on e-shopping. Two hypotheses are tested empirically. The first is that e-shopping is a predominantly urban phenomenon, because new technology usually starts in centres of innovation (innovation-diffusion hypothesis). The second is that people are more likely to adopt e-shopping when their accessibility to shops is relatively low (efficiency hypothesis). Our findings indicate that Internet use and online buying are still largely urban phenomena in the Netherlands, but that there is a trend towards diffusion to the weakly urbanised and rural areas. Not only the innovation diffusion hypothesis, but also the efficiency hypothesis is confirmed by our findings. People living in a (very) strongly urbanised area have a higher likelihood of buying online, but people with a low shop accessibility buy more often online. The analysis also shows that the support for the two hypotheses depends on the type of product. Airline tickets are still mainly bought in very strongly urbanised areas, whereas compact discs, videos, DVDs, and clothing are bought relatively more often in weakly urbanised areas. In conclusion, geography seems to matter for e-shopping. The rapid expansion of the Internet has spawned a growing body of literature on the impact of online shopping (here called e-shopping) on physical shopping. This paper explores the impact of e-shopping on shopping at city centres in the Netherlands for 25 retail categories, using a sample of 3200 Internet users. Results indicate that in the short run, e-shopping is unlikely to have a significant effect on purchases at city centre stores. In the long run, however, e-shopping may well substitute for going to actual stores. Furthermore, consumers today frequently consult the Internet before making a purchase from a store, and the city centre constitutes a source of information before an online purchase is made. The impact of these events, however, differ largely among the various retail categories and types of Internet shoppers. The emergence of the Internet has created many new shopping and business opportunities for consumers and retailers respectively, also reffered to as business-to-consumer (b2c) e-commerce. The use of b2c e-commerce could have implication for tradition retailing and shopping locations. This dissertation has empirically investigated the impact of b2c e-commerce on retailing at city centres in the Netherlands. In general the results suggest that b2c e-commerce does not seem to have a large detrimental impact on city centre retailing. In fact, consumers and retailers even benefit from exploiting new shopping and business opportunities as provided by the Internet. So far, the large majority of Internet users have not changed their purchases at city centre stores and visits to the city centre, due to online buying. However, consumers already frequently use the Internet as an information channel prior to purchasing in the city centre. As a result, they have bevome more aware of the prices of products and spend less time on city centre shopping. City centre retailers have responded to changes in the consumers' shoppinh behaviour, by operation a website in additon to their physical outlet(s). Following an Internet strategy mainly had positive impact on retailers' performance, such as receiving more in-store customers, customer relationship improvement, increased competitiveness, and overall sales growth. Purpose Â– To empirically study the uptake of collection-and-delivery points (CDPs) in The Netherlands and its consequences for retailers, shopping centres, and mobility. Design/methodology/approach Â– The study uses 2006 data from an online consumer survey and data provided by the major CDP companies in The Netherlands. In addition, two Dutch directors of CDP companies were interviewed. Findings Â– The service point is nowadays the dominant form of CDP in The Netherlands. However, in 2006 only 1.4 percent of all online orders in The Netherlands were delivered at a service point. In addition, Dutch consumers currently mainly use service points for returning their online orders. As such, positive mobility effects of service points are so far small. Nevertheless, for retailers operating a service point may lead to additional revenues, as one in four online shoppers make a purchase when collecting or returning a parcel. Research limitations/implications Â– Since service points Â– at least in The Netherlands Â– are nowadays mainly used for returning online orders, future empirical research should not neglect the reverse logistics function of CDPs. Practical implications Â– Online shoppers are more willing to use the service point concept when they have many service points in the vicinity of their home. In addition, service points with many consumers in their immediate surroundings also perform best. A five minutes driving distance by car seems the critical accessibility value for the success of this concept. Originality/value Â– Using nation-wide representative samples the paper makes a significant contribution to the scarce empirical literature on the uptake and consequences of CDPs for retailers, shopping centres, and mobility. While most studies concerning Internet adoption by retailers primarily focused on multiple retail organisations, this paper investigated domain name registration and Web site adoption by independent retailers. While controlling for organisational variables, we scrutinised the explanatory value of firm owner characteristics that so far received little attention in the retail literature. Data analysis of a business survey among 686 independent retailers in the Netherlands showed that firm owners and their family/friends play an important role in developing and managing the Web site of independent retail businesses. Results further indicated that age, ethnic background, personal Internet experience, and perceived competitive pressure of the firm owner are important explanatory variables for domain name registration and/or Web site adoption among independent retail organisations. To date, the relationship between Internet strategies and the performance of incumbent retailers has hardly been addressed in the e-commerce literature. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap in knowledge by investigating the impact of Internet adoption among 453 retailers at city centers in the Netherlands according to nine perceived performance indicators. Furthermore, by distinguishing six Internet strategies we determine whether the likelihood of improved performance increases when a more sophisticated Internet strategy is adopted. Results confirm that adopting a more advanced Internet strategy leads to a better perceived performance. However, the outcomes differ according to the types of retailers. In particular, independent retailers stated to perform better than multiple retailers by going online. In this paper, we empirically investigate how store-based retailers in different urban settings responded to the emergence of the Internet as a channel for commerce, using the example of Dutch city centers. In particular, we examine the extent to which the adoption of an information-only and online sales strategy is influenced by the size of the city (in terms of population) and the attractiveness of its central shopping location (the city center). We also explore the extent to which clink-and-mortar (CAM) retailers in city centers actively promote their website in their physical outlets. The results indicate that the majority of Dutch city-center retailers have already established a Web presence, However, the likelihood of adoption largely varies among city centers. In general, city-center retailers in large cities are more likely to follow a CAM strategy than their counterparts in smaller cities. With regard to city-center attractiveness, shops in highly attractive localities are most inclined to adopt a CAM strategy. City-center retailers already actively promote their website in their retail oulets. This applies especially to stores in small cities with a moderately attractive core, and which belong to large corporate chaisn with an online sales strategy. Thus, the Internet has become increasingly embedded within the traditional retail environment of the Dutch city center. Howeverm this diffusion process seems to vary from city to city, dependending on the size of the city and the quality of its core. This study explores to what extent place, product and organisation influence the adoption of b2c e-commerce among shops in city centres. So far, the majority of research regarding b2c e-commerce adoption in retailing lacks a geographical context. By using a shop level approach we were able to investigate the adoption of an active website and online selling strategy both among different types of city centres and within a city centre. Using multivariate analyses, our results show that all three types of variables are important to explain b2c e-commerce adoption of city centre shops. Concerning website adoption, organisation is the most explanatory variable, while for online sales sector type is more important. Regarding place, we find significant differences between types of city centres in the extent to which shops have adopted b2c e-commerce. The adoption of b2c e-commerce among city centre shops seems to follow a classical innovation diffusion pattern; shops in large, attractive city centres are more likely to have a website and online sales than shops in small, less attractive centres. No significant relationship has been found between b2c e-commerce adoption and the intra city centre location of shops. The paper concludes with directions for future research.
Name: keywords
Content: Jesse J.W.J. Weltevreden e-shopping business-to-consumer b2c consumer-to-consumer c2c e-commerce retailing retail geography space spatial effects implications consumers logistics travel freight personal transport transportation mobility evolutionary economics economic firms BOVAG automotive electric bicycles e-bikes bike e-bike the Netherlands research shopping centre center centres centers city cities neighbourhood convenience district binnensteden internet winkelen transport geografie elektrische fiets onderzoek mobiliteit webwinkelen online Nederland economische geografie detailhandel winkeliers winkels consument consumenten e-tailers e-tailing strategie strategy strategies strategieÃ«n winkelcentra binnenstad binnensteden buurtcentra wijkcentra stadsdeelcentra winkellocaties locatie locaties autodealers onafhankelijke autobedrijven tweewielers occasion evolutionaire internationale gevolgen effecten
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Content: Jesse Weltevreden
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